What distinguishes checked exceptions from unchecked exceptions in Java?

In Java, checked exceptions are distinguished by the fact that they are verified at compile time. This means that when a method potentially throws a checked exception, the Java compiler enforces that the calling method either handles the exception using a try-catch block or declares the exception in its method signature with a throws clause. This compile-time checking encourages developers to anticipate potential errors and handle them appropriately, leading to more robust and error-resistant code.

Checked exceptions are typically used for situations where recovery is possible, such as I/O operations (e.g., when reading from a file). By requiring explicit handling, checked exceptions ensure that developers acknowledge and manage the conditions that could lead to failures.

In contrast, unchecked exceptions, which extend from the RuntimeException class, do not require explicit handling or declaration, allowing for more flexibility in code design. As such, their occurrence is often the result of programming errors, such as logic mistakes or improper use of API.

Understanding this distinction is important for effective error handling in Java applications, enabling developers to write clearer, safer, and more maintainable code.